Converting potential energy into mechanical energy is a hot field of study in science. Actuators are the devices that scientists study that convert different forms of energy into mechanical energy or motion. Not only are actuators a hot topic of study in robotics, but they also have benefits in medicine as well. Scientists believe that the more they can improve on actuators, the more it will benefit all of mankind.
Actuators are amazingly simple devices. The way an actuator works is that a motor rotates a drive screw using a timing belt, worm gear drive, or direct drive. As the screw turns, it pushes a drive nut along the screw which pushes a rod out. If the screw turns in the opposite direction, the rod will retract. There is a cover over the screw which protects it from the environment. The drive screw is usually a ACME or ball thread and is usually belt driven which allows the machine to convert the motion of rotation into in and out energy. There are radial thrust bearings which allow the screw to rotate freely under loaded conditions.
Motion control systems use actuators. Whenever you see a control system that is ran by a computer, used to move or control objects, it is made possible by actuators.
There are various forms of energy that run actuators. These forms of energy include, hydraulic, pneumatic, mechanical and electrical. Linear actuators are used a lot in robotics and factory automation.
Linear motion is when an object moves in a straight line. This is the basic concept that drives the linear actuator. One has to stop and consider when choosing a linear actuator which type they need to fit the purpose of their project. Some things to keep in mind are the speed, stroke length and load rating of the actuator. Programmability of the actuator is also a factor especially when the application will be one that requires specialized detail. A linear actuator can be used in just about any forum. Ask yourself some questions when attempting to choose the right one for your project such as are there particular safety mechanisms required, environmental concerns to be addressed or space issues?
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